The International Journal of Engineering & Information Technology (IJEIT)
The International Journal of Engineering & Information Technology (IJEIT) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that publishes original research articles as well as review articles every 6 months.The aim of IJEIT is to provide information that enhances performance of engineering , computer engineering and technology science and strengthening the crooks to make smarter decisions, provide better care and from time to time make innovative discoveries that enhance the limitation associated with knowledge of advancement. more
Studying and analyzing urban park connectivity using space syntax theory "Developing Al- Baladiya street as an interactive urban model"
This study aims to analyze the potential for urban connectivity among six public parks located in the city center of Misrata by employing Space Syntax theory tools to examine the relationship between spatial configuration, movement networks, and the public realm. The methodology is based on two main analyses: Axial Analysis and Visibility Graph Analysis (VGA), with the objective of measuring visual integration and connectivity, as well as assessing the capacity of urban axes to enhance both visual and spatial accessibility to these parks. The results indicate that Al-Baladiya Street demonstrates high values of integration and connectivity, qualifying it as a strong urban model that reinforces local identity. This model can be replicated within the urban fabric to form an Urban Loop originating from this street, connecting public parks through shaded green corridors. Such corridors improve mobility, encourage social and cultural interaction, and contribute to revitalizing the public realm in an area characterized by high population density and cultural diversity. These findings provide both a practical and scientific framework that can be applied to other cities with similar urban and social characteristics.
Space syntax Theory, Urban Connectivity, Public Parks, albaladiya street, Misurata.
Copyright (c) 2026 The International Journal of Engineering & Information Technology (IJEIT) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
An Intelligent System for Semantic Classification of Personal Expenses from Transaction Descriptions
The growth of electronic transactions has increased the need for intelligent methods to analyze personal financial data. Most expense management tools rely on manual categorization and basic visualization, providing limited analytical value. This study proposes a web-based intelligent system for automatic classification of personal expenses from unstructured transaction descriptions using natural language processing and machine learning. The system employs text preprocessing, semantic sentence embeddings, and supervised classification with XGBoost. Experimental results show that semantic representations significantly outperform TF-IDF-based approaches, achieving an accuracy of 93.6% on short financial transaction text. The proposed system supports accurate expense categorization at scale and enables aggregated spending analysis for business intelligence and sector-level economic insight.
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
Transaction classification, AI model, Financial Data Categorization, Accuracy, Personal Expenses, Business Planning
Design and Implementation of Digital Distance Protection Algorithms for Overhead Transmission Lines Using an Arduino Microcontroller
Transmission and distribution networks represent the most extensive part of electric power systems, making them more susceptible to faults. This necessitates protecting these networks to reduce damages to the equipment and ensure the stability of the power system. One of the most important types of protection used in transmission lines is distance protection, which relies on impedance algorithms to calculate the fault location. This paper addresses the design and implementation of a digital distance protection algorithm for overhead transmission lines in power networks using an Arduino microcontroller, making it suitable for small-scale power systems and educational purposes. The impedance is calculated digitally to determine the fault location, utilising accurate algorithms to enhance response and speed up fault isolation. The algorithm implementation is based on the differential approximation method to reduce errors caused by the effects of harmonics and the DC component. The work stages included system simulation using MATLAB Simulink, and on the practical side, the design and implementation of voltage and current measurement circuits and signal conditioning circuits, in addition to programming the Arduino microcontroller. The system’s performance was tested practically on a laboratory transmission line from LabVolt, and the results showed good accuracy in the simulation and the system’s applicability to real-world implementation
Distance Protection, Arduino, Impedance, Fault, Transmission line.
An architectural and historical study to evaluation the operational efficiency of the Wadi Kaam Dam in the face of the effects of climate change
Dams are usually built on river courses and valleys in all countries around the world to generate electricity, and to benefit from water during non-rainfall seasons in irrigation of agricultural projects and to provide the water necessary for the daily life of humans and animals. These dams, on the other hand, pose a threat to the lives of residents living in valley streams and riverbeds if they collapse and are unable to absorb the amounts of water retained in them. This research aims to shed light on the Wadi Kaam Dam Architecturally and historically to clarify its operational efficiency and the possibility to avoid the dangers resulting from the dam not performing its function efficiently. The analytical and descriptive approach was adopted in a historical and architectural investigation of the Wadi Kaam Dam located between the cities of Zliten and Al-Khoms in Libya. The research concluded that there was some damage in the body of the dam, it is represented by the collapse of the stone layer that protects the dam from the lake side, a crack in the right shoulder of the dam, and water leakage behind the dam. The collapse and fall of stones in the spillway, the malfunction of the mechanism of movement of the water drainage gates in the intake tower and the drainage pipe, and the malfunction of the irrigation and drainage valves in the valve house and the stilling basin, some residents are building, reconstructing and farming near the course of Wadi Kaam, which may cause them great damage to life and property in the event of the dam collapsing and floods occurring. The research recommends the necessity of carrying out the necessary maintenance work for the dam and its component parts to ensure that it performs its function with high efficiency, to avoid its collapse and the occurrence of a natural disaster such as what happened in the Libyan city of Derna on September 11, 2023 AD.
Embankment Dam, Wadi Kaam, Kenips, Ain Kaam, Nafusa Mountain, Zliten, Al-Khoms.
Simulation-Based Assessment of Traffic Noise Mitigation Strategies in Tripoli
Noise pollution constitutes a significant concern in urban areas, exerting far-reaching impacts on public health and social well-being. Building on a previous publication on noise pollution levels within the city of Tripoli, Libya, in which noise levels were measured in six distinct highly populated locations, during working days and weekends, and encompassing morning, afternoon, and evening, this analysis is concentrated on only one location-the highway. As expected, the 2nd ring road highway exhibited the highest noise levels among the locations surveyed. These elevated levels underscore the need for targeted noise control measures, particularly the deployment of noise barriers. Consequently, simulation analyzes were performed for different scenarios with noise barrier implementation. The results obtained indicate that the application of these mitigation measures could achieve a significant reduction in noise levels. Noise barriers can effectively reduce noise levels, but depend not only on horizontal distance from the source to the receiver, but also on the receiver’s elevation. Collectively, these findings highlight the critical importance of improving public awareness regarding urban noise pollution, its adverse effects on communities, and the range of applicable mitigation strategies.
Transportation and surveying engineering
The Effective Method of Solving Unit Commitment Problems Based on The Lagrange Relaxation Technique
This paper presents the Unit Commitment (UC) and the common constraints that could appear while doing the UC. Also, Dynamic Programming is introduced briefly with its advantages and disadvantages. Lagrange Relaxation (LR) is introduced with its advantages and disadvantage. Finally, a numerical example of the IEEE model with 36 units and 118 buses are used for unit commitment scheduling within 24 hours.
Unit Commitment, dynamic Programming, Constraints, Spinning Reserve, Lagrange Relaxation, Lagrange Multipliers.
Copyright (c) 2020 The International Journal of Engineering & Information Technology (IJEIT) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Revitalizing (Ain Tawargha): Integrating landscape Architecture for Cultural Heritage Preservation and Sustainable Development
This research focuses on the revitalization of Ain Tawargha through landscape architecture, aiming to integrate cultural heritage preservation with sustainable urban development. Ain Tawargha, renowned for its natural springs and traditional handicrafts like (Dees) mats, faces challenges including urban decay and neglect of cultural assets. Employing a comprehensive approach, the study conducts site analysis, reviews previous studies, and gathers empirical data through surveys to propose practical interventions. Recommendations emphasize enhancing public spaces, promoting eco-friendly tourism, and revitalizing local crafts to stimulate economic growth and community engagement. By synergizing landscape design with cultural preservation, this research advocates for a balanced approach that respects local identity while fostering environmental sustainability and economic prosperity in Ain Tawargha.
landscape, sustainable, views, revitalization, integrating.
Copyright (c) 2025 The International Journal of Engineering & Information Technology (IJEIT) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Design of Double-Sided Dipole Array Antenna
A wideband double-sided printed dipole antenna is presented. The antenna is a printed dipole fed by a Microstrip tapered balun. The antenna consists of a tapered balun and a dipole with its arms being printed on opposite sides of the dielectric substrate. The total length of the dipole is 48mm, which is approximately half the guided wavelength at 2.4GHz. A two-element array is also presented by combining two dipoles with a Wilkinson power divider. The achievable –10 dB bandwidth is approximately 21% and 20% for the dipole and array antennas, respectively. The realized gains are 2.5 dB and 3.5 dB, respectively.
Dipole antenna, printed antenna, wideband antenna
The effect of using six-sigma diffraction theory in improving productivity on the plastic containers production line at the Al-Yaqout factory
This study examines the application of the Six Sigma methodology to improve production process quality in the plastic packaging industry, a vital sector in Libya due to its role in industrial packaging and cost efficiency. The research aims to reduce defect rates, minimize waste, and enhance operational performance in manufacturing environments that rely heavily on automated machinery without structured improvement frameworks. The DMAIC approach was applied to an injection molding machine at Al-Yaqout Plastic Industries Factory to identify recurring defects, analyze their root causes, and evaluate the sustainability of improvements. The study employed descriptive and experimental methods, collecting production data over six months. Defect rates were analyzed, the process sigma level was calculated, and defects were examined in relation to operating conditions, power supply stability, start-up phases, and human intervention. The results showed that the average process performance reached 3.818 sigma, indicating a moderate to good level with clear improvement potential. The most critical defects involved label distortion and container frame deformation, primarily caused by unstable power supply, inadequate preventive maintenance, and temperature fluctuations during start-up. After implementing corrective actions, the defect rate decreased by approximately 27%, confirming the effectiveness of Six Sigma in enhancing production quality and operational stability.
six sigma, plastic containers, defective product, sigma level, injection molding.
Applying the Theory of Place as a Framework for Place Research in Libyan Context
The theory of place, encompassing physical form, social processes, and symbolic meaning, has significantly shaped urban design discourse. Despite its global influence, limited scholarship has examined its applicability within North African contexts undergoing rapid urban, political, and social transformation. This paper reviews the historical evolution of place theory and its operationalization in international urban design research, followed by a critical assessment of the extent to which its three dimensions can be applied to Libyan cities. Drawing upon international and regional literature, the study examines how physical form (spatial configuration, architectural character, and streetscape quality), social processes (patterns of public space use, social interaction, and community attachment), and meaning (identity, heritage values, and symbolic associations) have been conceptualized and empirically evaluated. A synthesis of existing Libyan studies on urban morphology, heritage environments, public spaces, and residents’ perceptions reveals substantial gaps in empirical evidence, interdisciplinary integration, and participatory research practices. The analysis demonstrates that while place theory provides a valuable analytical lens for interpreting Libya’s complex urban conditions, contextual challenges, including prolonged conflict, institutional fragility, and informal urban expansion, limit its direct transferability. The paper concludes by proposing a context-sensitive framework for place-based research in Libya, advocating a shift from standardized measurement approaches toward culturally grounded and participatory interpretations capable of informing more inclusive, resilient, and locally responsive urban policies
Theory of place, place, framework, Libya.
Multiculturalism and Social Interaction in Public Streets: A Case Study of Al-Khrouba Road - Misurata
This paper aims to explore the potential of activating Al-Khrouba Road in the city of Misurata as a multifunctional urban space that promotes social interaction and cultural diversity, through the integration of universal design principles and the concept of the shared street. The research adopts a mixed analytical methodology that includes urban, social, and field analysis in order to understand the current characteristics of the street and diagnose deficiencies in infrastructure and user behavior. The analysis revealed functional and spatial gaps that have affected the streets ability to fulfill its social and cultural role. As a result, the study proposes a distribution of new community buildings and activities along the street, connected to the sidewalk through interactive seating areas and tree-shaded walkways. These elements contribute to reorganizing and balancing human activity across the space, enhancing the streets flexibility and encouraging interaction among diverse social groups –especially when religious, social, cultural, and educational activities are integrated in a participatory manner. This study contributes to the planning and repurposing of urban open space and the redesign of public streets to create a more inclusive and sustainable urban environment. It redefines the sidewalk as an interactive domain that strengthens community identity and responds to contemporary life needs.
Multiculturalism, Social Interaction, Al- Khrouba Road, Misurata, Sustainability
User Task-Aware Re-ranking for Enhanced Web Search
This paper investigates task-aware re-ranking as a means of improving the relevance, efficiency, and effectiveness of web search systems. Traditional search engines often apply uniform ranking strategies without considering user intent, which limits their ability to align results with diverse search goals. To address this gap, we propose a task-centered framework that classifies queries into informational, navigational, and transactional categories, and re-ranks retrieved results accordingly. A fine-tuned GigaBERT model trained on the ORCAS-I dataset was employed to perform query classification, and a Task-Based Results Sorting System (TBRSS) was developed to evaluate the approach. A user study involving 33 participants compared baseline Google rankings with re-ranked outputs. Findings suggest that although statistical significance was limited, users perceived the task-aware system as more relevant, smoother, and faster. This research demonstrates the potential of integrating task-awareness into ranking algorithms to improve user experience, and highlights future directions including adaptive ranking, multilingual support, and larger-scale evaluations.
A Numerical Simulation and Experimental Validation of Backward Extrusion for AL-6082 Alloy Material
Globally, the backward extrusion process plays a significant role in manufacturing industries. When designing forming processes, manufacturing engineers can use Finite Element (FE) simulations of backward extrusion, which replace expensive press-shop try-outs with a computer-aided design environment. This paper's primary goal is to create a numerical model that can accurately replicate the reverse extrusion process. Finite Element software ANSYS will be used to predict billet behavior during the backward extrusion process, helping to eliminate trial-and-error procedures and thus shorten development phases when tight time-to-market deadlines are required. The simulation and analysis of a number of important backward extrusion process parameters, including forming force, stress, and strain distribution in a billet, are the main objectives of this work. A commercial Al-Mg-Si alloy (6082) is used in this study. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of FE simulations, with a strong focus on backward extrusion production. There is a good agreement between the forming load values obtained from the finite element simulation and the experimental procedure.
البثق العكسي، الألمنيوم، محاكاة العناصر المحدودة.
Energy and Exergy analysis of Umdabaker steam power plant in Sudan
A comprehensive thermodynamic analysis of the 500 MW Umdabaker steam power plant in Sudan was conducted, evaluating energy and exergy performance under varying thermal conditions. All major components (boiler, turbine, condenser, pumps, and feedwater heaters) were assessed through computational modeling based on thermodynamic principles. The energy analysis revealed an overall plant thermal efficiency of 37.25%, with 52.7% of total energy losses being attributed to the condenser. Through exergy analysis, the boiler was identified as the primary source of usable energy loss (205.84 MW), while the condenser's contribution resulted in an overall exergy efficiency of only 35.8%. The impact of reference temperature variations (298.15 K to 318.15 K) was examined, showing boiler efficiency to be reduced from 43.8% to 41.1%, turbine efficiency to be slightly improved from 93.7% to 94.2%, and condenser efficiency to be dramatically decreased from 0.8% to 0.2% due to diminished temperature differentials.
Steam power plant, Energy analysis, Exergy analysis, Thermal efficiency, Exergy destruction, Dead-state temperature
Analysis of Automated Guided Vehicles in Ladder Layout Flexible Manufacturing System
Automated Guided Vehicle system (AGVs) has been utilized for an extended period, particularly in the context of Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS). Among the different techniques for Automated Guided vehicle the research work focuses on the Rail Guided Vehicle (RGV) Technique. This method is commonly associated with Material Handling system (MHs) and is relatively straightforward to understanding. The study demonstrates how vehicles are identified to move parts between stations in the layout through the application of AGVs, with potential for application in related methods in the future. In addition, the data monitored by the AGVs process will be displayed on the runtime. Finally, this match with the desired result of output data to the AGVs progress.
THE EFFECT OF SUCTION ON THE BOUNDARY LAYER SEPARATION OF A RETARDED BOUNDARY LAYER FLOW
Boundary layer separation is one of the most drawback phenomena that reduces or even eliminates the lifting force generated by the flow over an airfoil. Boundary layer flow separation occurs due to an increasing adverse pressure gradient in the flow direction. Boundary layer theory fails to predict and describe this singularity where shear stress vanishes in the vicinity of the wall. To generate this phenomenon for a laminar flow over a flat plate in the presence of a pressure gradient, the linearly retarded flow of Howarth has been used. The decelerating non-similar free-stream velocity profile becomes increasingly S-shaped and finally separates downstream. The numerical solution of the considered flow reproduced the theoretical result reported by Howarth for the location of the separation point which is approximately (x sep / L = 0.125). A suction strategy is applied over the wall which tends to shift the location of the separation point far downstream or completely suppresses its formation.
boundary layer flow, flow separation, computational fluid dynamics, flow control
Classification of Malignant and Benign Skin Lesions Using CNN Models
Dermatology has been transformed through the use of machine learning in health research. By leveraging large data sets and training deep learning models on diverse skin lesion images, researchers have opened the door to improving and modernizing traditional diagnostic methods. This paper aimed to develop a highly effective model for accurately classifying skin cancer images as benign or malignant, thus contributing to early detection. The methodology involved utilizing three custom Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to extract essential features from dermatoscopic images, focusing on characteristics such as the borders of melanoma. Non-cancerous tumors are typically smooth and regular in their edges, while malignant ones have an uneven and rough border. The CNN models were trained on a melanoma dataset comprising images from both benign and malignant cases. Pre- processing steps such as data augmentation were also employed to further improve the performance of the model. The performance of the models was evaluated thoroughly using metrics such as precision, recall, F1 score, and accuracy. By training the models on Melanoma skin cancer, the models provided relatively high accuracies on the validations: 91%, 88%, and 94% for the first, second, and third model, respectively. Additionally, the accuracy for Benign skin cancer is 92%, 89% and 95% for the first, second, and third model, respectively. The third CNN model achieved the best precision and recall with 93% and 95% for Benign skin cancer, and 92% and 94% for Melanoma skin cancer. The third CNN model consistently outperformed the others, offering balanced and superior accuracy in distinguishing between benign and malignant skin cancer cases
accuracy, cancer detection, deep learning, performance, skin lesions.
Reviving Heritage Building Façades After Disasters: The Case of Derna Following Storm Daniel in Light of Historic Urban Design Standards
Historic cities often suffer significant architectural losses during natural disasters, particularly the façades of heritage buildings that embody urban identity and cultural memory. This study aims to explore the potential for reviving historical façades damaged by disasters in accordance with the design standards of traditional urban fabrics, using the case of Derna, Libya, following the 2023 Storm Daniel disaster. The research adopts a multi-layered analytical methodology that combines literature review, architectural analysis, and field documentation, supported by interviews and local sources. It examines the extent of damage to the façades in Derna’s old city and assesses the feasibility of reconstructing them in a way that preserves their original character while meeting contemporary standards of safety and sustainability. Furthermore, the study evaluates the alignment of proposed reconstruction efforts with international heritage charters, and presents a phased implementation plan that includes legal, technical, and community-based recommendations. The findings affirm that revitalising the facades of historic buildings in Derna is not only feasible but vital for restoring the city's collective urban memory—provided that the process follows a scientifically grounded, participatory approach that balances authenticity with innovation.
Derna, historic façades, Storm Daniel, post-disaster reconstruction, traditional urban design, heritage cities, architectural resilience
Prediction of Pavement Condition Index using Artificial Neural Networks
Modern pavement management systems aim to maintain performance and prioritize maintenance, reducing costs, and optimizing resources. Pavement Condition Index (PCI) is one of the most accurate tools to assess the structural condition of pavement, as it relies on evaluating various pavement distresses and converting them into a numerical value describes the pavement condition. This study aims to build a machine learning model to predict the pavement condition index using artificial neural networks (ANN). Three ANN models with different number of layers and nodes were designed for comparison. All models had one input layer consisting of seven types of pavement distresses, and one output layer consisting of the PCI value. Three models had one hidden layer with 4, 8, and 16 nodes. The data was normalized with a single weight scale by converting the descriptive data into numerical values and then calculating the weights for each type of distress according to its severity level. The results revealed that models had a coefficient of determination exceeding 0.95, which indicated the capability of artificial neural networks to model complex nonlinear relationships. Comparing the three models, the (7-8-1) architecture demonstrated the highest level of reliability with R2 achieving 0.98 and a standard error of less than 4%. In addition, K-fold cross-validation approach with 5-folds was conducted to validate the model. The average results of folds showed R2=0.95 and RMSE=5.72±0.49 which confirm the model's reliability in calculating PCI and assisting pavement M/R decision makers.
تصميم نظام الـ (HACCP) بطريقة تحليل المخاطر وتحديد النقاط الحرجة على خط إنتاج الحليب المعقم
البحث....تم في هذا البحث تصميم نظام للهاسب (HACCP) بطريقة تحليل المخاطر وتحديد النقاط الحرجة لخط إنتاج الحليب المعقم بشركة الجيد للصناعات الغذائية، حيث تم إتباع أسلوب جمع المعلومات الموثوقة، وتدوين الملاحظات عن طريق الزيارات الميدانية للشركة، ومقابلة المسؤولين للتعرف على الأساليب الإنتاجية المتبعة، والتحليل الموضوعي لتلك المعلومات، ومقارنتها بقواعد تطبيق نظام الـ (HACCP) لمعرفة مدى ملاءمتها لاشتراطات الجودة الشاملة، واقتراح إجراءات عملية تساعد على ضمان سلامة المنتج من التلوث، وتحسين العملية الإنتاجية. كما تم تحديد مصادر الخطر لكامل خط إنتاج الحليب ابتداءً من استلام المواد الخام الأولية وحتى تخزين المنتج النهائي، مروراً بتقييم الممارسات الصحية والتصنيعية الجيدة من حيث تصميم المرافق وتشييدها، تصميم المعدات والأدوات وتجهيزها وبرنامج التحكم في النظافة الشخصية والصحية وتتبع المنتجات واسترجاعها وتدريب العاملين. حيث أظهرت الدراسة أن المنشأة ذات مخاطر متوسطة بشكل عام فكانت النسبة المئوية للتقييم العام في حدود 69% أي بين (50 و 80)% وتعتبر جيدة التطابق من حيث جميع البنود. كما قامت بوضع الحدود الحرجة لكل نقطة حرجة، واقتراح نظام للمراقبة وكذلك اقتراح الإجراءات التصحيحية الواجب إتباعها في حال الانحراف وعند استخدام شجرة القرار وتطبيق أسئلتها على مراحل العملية الإنتاجية في مخطط التدفق لتصنيع الحليب المعقم أظهرت النتائج أن عدد (6) نقاط حرجة ضرورة التحكم فيها والسيطرة عليها لمنع حدوث تلوث في المنتوج وبناءً عليه تم تصميم خطة الـ (HACCP) في النقاط الحرجة استناداً إلى نتائج استخدام جدول تقييم مستوى الخطر وتطبيق شجرة القرار.
دراسة وتقييم مدى تأثير درجة التشبع على مقاومة التربة الرملية للقص باستخدام جهاز القص المباشر
اهتمت هذه الدراسة بمعرفة تأثير درجة التشبع على مقاومة القص، في عينات من التربة الرملية الموجودة في منطقة زريق غرب مدينة مصراتة، حدد هذا الموقع للدارسة نظراً للتطور العمراني في تلك المنطقة ، وضرورة معرفة خواص التربة فيها ؛ لكي يتم تصنيفها وتحديد خواصها الميكانيكية، و لمعرفة قدرة تحملها للإنشاء عليها واستخدامها كتربة ردم ومدى احتياجها لتحسينات، تشمل هذه الدراسة مرحلتين : في المرحلة الاولى أُجريت اختبارات معملية للتعرف على خواص التربة مثل اختبار المحتوى المائي، الوزن النوعي، و الكثافة الحقلية، صنفت التربة اعتمادا على حدي السيولة واللدونة والتحليل المنخلي بواسطة نظام الاشتو (AASHTO ) فوجد أنها تربة رملية ناعمة (3-A)، وبالنظام الموحد (USCS) فوجد أنها تربة رملية فقيرة التدرج (SP )، أما في المرحلة الثانية أُجري اختبار القص المباشر على مجموعة من العينات بدرجات تشبع مختلفة (0.0 - 0.11 – 0.19 – 0.30 – 0.41 – 0.56 – 0.71 - 0.85 - 1.0 ) لمعرفة مقاومة القص لكل عينة وأظهرت النتائج تذبذب في قيم زاوية الاحتكاك عند كل نسبة مقابلة لدرجة التشبع .
Model Predictive Control for Stabilizing Quadcopter Flight and Following Trajectories
Controlling a quadcopter is inherently challenging due to its nonlinear dynamics and susceptibility to external disturbances such as wind gusts and sensor noise. This paper explores the use of Model Predictive Control (MPC) to tackle these challenges. The goal is to create a robust control system capable of stabilizing and directing a quadcopter along a specified trajectory, even when faced with disturbances. The next step derives the Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR), which is used to stabilize the quadcopter. The research involves creating a detailed mathematical model of the quadcopter's dynamics, followed by the design and implementation of LQR and MPC. Through extensive simulations, the effectiveness of the MPC approach is validated, demonstrating its ability to maintain stability and achieve precise control under various conditions. This study underscores the potential of MPC as a powerful control strategy for UAVs, offering significant advantages for real-world applications where traditional control methods may fall short. The LQR controller balances the performance of the drone and the energy it consumes by specifying the weighting matrix of performance cost Q and control cost R to calculate an optimized controller. MPC provides a robust and effective control strategy for quadcopters, offering improved performance and reliability. Its ability to handle nonlinear dynamics, manage constraints, and optimize control actions makes it an essential tool for advanced aerial vehicle control.
تأثير إضافة حبيبات الفونولايت والكاولين على ثابت العزل الكهربي ومعامل التوهين الإشعاعي لمادة مركبة مقوّاة بالألياف
في هذا البحث تمت دراسة ثابت العزل الكهربي ومعامل التوهين الخطي والكتلي لثلاث عينات من مادة مركبة مقوّاة بالألياف ذات أساس بوليمري. تم إعداد العينات باستعمال طريقة الرّصّ اليدوي للطبقات واحتوت جميعها على نسبة وزنية ثابتة من ألياف الزجاج العشوائية الترتيب. العينة الأولى اعتُبرت كعينة مرجعية وتم تحضيرها باستعمال الألياف كمادةِ تقوية والبوليمر كمادةٍ أساس دون أي إضافات أخرى، بالنسبة للعينتين الثانية والثالثة فتم تحضيرهما بإضافة حبيبات من مادتي الكاولين والفونولايت (بحجم حبيبي يتراوح ما بين 75 إلى 125 ميكروميتر وبنسبة وزنية مقدارها 10%) إلى المادة البوليميرية على الترتيب. لجميع العينات تم حساب ثابت العزل الكهربي، ومعامل التوهين الإشعاعي لأشعة جاما الناتجة عن نظير السيزيوم المشع Cs 137 عند الطاقة 662 كيلو إلكترون-فولت، وأظهرت النتائج أن إضافة حبيبات الفونولايت والكاولين إلى المادة المركبة كان لها تأثيرٌ واضحٌ على قيم معامل التوهين الإشعاعي، فمثلاً ازداد معامل التوهين الخطي والكتلي بحوالي 30% في العينة المحتوية على حبيبات الفونولايت، أمّا ثابت العزل الكهربي فكان تأثُّرُه محدوداً. خَلُصت الدراسة إلى أن إضافة حبيبات بعض المواد السيراميكية الطبيعية والمتوفرة محلياً أثناء عملية تصنيع المواد المركبة المقوّاة بالألياف يؤثر في خواصها الفيزيائية ويؤدي إلى تحسين بعضها وبشكلٍ ملحوظ ما يجعلها أكثر ملائمة للعديد من التطبيقات الواسعة التي تمتاز بها هذه المواد.
Optimal Power Flow and Contingency Analysis with Security Considerations Using Jaya Optimization Algorithm
Optimal power flow (OPF) is one of the fundamental tasks in modern complex electric grid operation. Its objective is to improve the economic and secure coordination on electrical networks based on pre-defined constraints. Combined with a complex operational network and higher demand patterns at times of day / week, it is clear that OPF solutions need to be accurately designed. This accuracy is crucial in order to increase stability across networks over time which in turn will reduce future operational risk. While modern grids increasingly integrate renewables, this work focuses on conventional OPF to establish Jaya’s core efficacy for contingency management, providing a foundation for future renewable integration. This paper presents a computationally distinct application of the Jaya optimization algorithm for solving OPF problem taking into account contingency analysis and security assessment. It then proceeds to carry out an optimization using the Jaya algorithm, a cost-effective and parameter-less-dependent technique for system-wide minimization of operational costs with adherence constraints imposed on online security and stability. The suggested approach integrates contingency analysis into risk assessment in order to assess critical vulnerabilities of networks and determine how potential failures propagate. Results of the simulation prove that Jaya algorithm outperforms GA and PSO in optimization. The proposed method not only increases the security level of OPF but it is also human-friendly rather than computationally expensive, making it an appropriate solution for real-time application of OPF schemes.
optimal power flow, contingency analysis, security assessment, Jaya optimization algorithm
A Comparison between Relational Databases and Semantic Web Ontology in Web Application
This project compares the Relational Database model with the Semantic Web Ontology model through an educational web application serving academic levels in Libya from primary to secondary school. The application illustrates key differences in data storage and retrieval between the two models. Developed using software engineering principles, the system emphasizes flexibility, scalability, reliability, and usability. It manages educational entities—students, teachers, curricula, institutions, and their locations—by efficiently representing them and their relationships in both models. Practical comparisons showed that the Semantic Web Ontology offers superior flexibility and semantic representation, with faster search and reasoning capabilities that reveal new relationships. However, it needs improvements in security and reliability.
Relational Database, Semantic Web Ontology, Semantic Web Technology, SPARQL Protocol And RDF Query Language, Structured Query Language, SQL
Knowledge Representation, Software Engineering
Comparative Study: Canny-LoG Edge Detection with Canny-Prewitt Edge Detection by using Huffman Encoding of Image Steganography For Grayscale Images
The security of data flow is a major concern for the public network that is the Internet. A data transmission security method called steganography conceals the message within a media container, like an image. Undoubtedly, the media cannot carry so much embedded data. Because the image edge area can withstand pixel value fluctuations better than the center, the edge area is used to accommodate additional message bits. In this study, the hybrid Canny-Log detector was compared with hybrid Canny-Prewitt detector by compress a grayscale images using the Huffman algorithm and hid them in the edges of other color images. This combined two-detector method provides a larger edge area for increased message payload while keeping hidden images unnoticeable. The hybrid Canny-LoG detector was achieved better results in embedding capacity (EC) in terms of the number of pixels available for hiding. Additionally, good results were obtained in quality metrics, such as the mean squared error (MSE) and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) for the stego image.
Least Significant Bit, image steganography, hybrid edge detection, dilation, Canny, LoG, Prewitt
Case Study of Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) on Natural Gas Pipeline and Types of Repairs
Oil and gas pipelines are prone to various deficiencies, including stress corrosion cracking (SCC). This case study explores the methods and best practices for repairing a 34-inch distribution network of gas transmission and supply pipelines that serve various consumers along the Libyan coastline. It also highlights the vital importance of this facility in powering key industries, such as power plants, steel mills, and cement factories. The focus is on preventing and addressing SCC, including the use of split sleeving, repair clamps, and non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques.
SCC, natural gas pipeline, split sleeving, repair clamp, heat-affected zone (HAZ), weldability.
Experimental Study on soil stabilized with Geotextile under a Square Footing
By utilising laboratory model footing tests, the performance of foundations on clay soil reinforced with geotextile was examined. The steel plate used to make the square model footing had dimensions of 250 mm by 250 mm. The length of the reinforcement layers, the type of geotextile, and the top layer spacing were among the parameters examined in this study. According to the test findings, adding reinforcement could greatly increase the soil's bearing capacity and lessen footing settlement. The increase in BCR values varied depending on the type of geotextile, its position and how it dealt with the soil. BCR increases as u/B increases until it reaches a certain point where it decreases. The maximum improvement is achieved at u/B=0.67 for both types, this improvement varying depending on the length of the geotextile. The values of L/B that achieve a higher BCR is 8 for woven and nonwoven. The save length ratio that produce positive effect in all position is L/B=6.67. how-ever, in practice, nonwoven can achieve excellent performance with less reinforcement than woven.
square footing, woven geotextile, nonwoven geotextile, bearing capacity, parametric study.
Fuzzy Logic with PI Controller and Multivariable Filter for Harmonic Reduction Based Hybrid Active Power Filter
In this paper, a Fuzzy Logic used with Proportional Integral (PI) controller to regulate the DC bus voltage of Hybrid Power Filter (HPF) in order to improve power quality of the three-phase distribution system. The electricals and electronics equipment generate a large quantity of harmonics currents which effects several problems in the supply system. The principal goal of this study is to improve the efficiency of HPF, suppress harmonics currents and consequently reduce Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) under 5%. The suggested control mechanism is d-q theory based on Multivariable Filter (MF) and Fuzzy Logic for extracting reference currents. The efficiency of combined fuzzy logic and PI controller is evaluated by the simulation study using Matlab/Simulink software and the obtained results are presented.
fuzzy logic controller, PI controller, hybrid filter, harmonic currents, multivariable filter
Impact of Temperature and Solar Radiation on Photovoltaic Cell Efficiency: A Simulation Study Using MATLAB
This research targets studying the impact of temperature and solar radiation on two types of photovoltaic cells: monocrystalline and polycrystalline. This paper examines, through the use of MATLAB simulation, the variation in these environmental factors for significant parameters such as efficiency, power output, and voltage characteristics in order to deduce the superior performance type under high-temperature conditions. This was simulated for temperature and solar radiation variations from 25°C to 65°C, in 10°C steps, and 200 W/m² to 1000 W/m², in 200 W/m² steps, respectively. For both types of cells, constants, variables, and specifications were programmed into MATLAB, while iterative loops calculated the behavior of the cells under these conditions. Results have been presented as performance curves and graphs that relate temperature and solar radiation with the performance of photovoltaic cells. From the results, it can be obtained that monocrystalline cells are more efficient in the test conditions described because of their being less affected by temperature rises compared to the polycrystalline ones. The investigation clearly shows how the choice of different photovoltaic technologies must take into consideration meteorological factors, especially for zones with high temperatures or variable radiation.
PV, polycrystalline, monorystalline, temperature, radiation