The International Journal of Engineering & Information Technology (IJEIT)
The International Journal of Engineering & Information Technology (IJEIT) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that publishes original research articles as well as review articles every 6 months.The aim of IJEIT is to provide information that enhances performance of engineering , computer engineering and technology science and strengthening the crooks to make smarter decisions, provide better care and from time to time make innovative discoveries that enhance the limitation associated with knowledge of advancement. more
The Effective Method of Solving Unit Commitment Problems Based on The Lagrange Relaxation Technique
This paper presents the Unit Commitment (UC) and the common constraints that could appear while doing the UC. Also, Dynamic Programming is introduced briefly with its advantages and disadvantages. Lagrange Relaxation (LR) is introduced with its advantages and disadvantage. Finally, a numerical example of the IEEE model with 36 units and 118 buses are used for unit commitment scheduling within 24 hours.
Unit Commitment, dynamic Programming, Constraints, Spinning Reserve, Lagrange Relaxation, Lagrange Multipliers.
Copyright (c) 2020 The International Journal of Engineering & Information Technology (IJEIT) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Revitalizing (Ain Tawargha): Integrating landscape Architecture for Cultural Heritage Preservation and Sustainable Development
This research focuses on the revitalization of Ain Tawargha through landscape architecture, aiming to integrate cultural heritage preservation with sustainable urban development. Ain Tawargha, renowned for its natural springs and traditional handicrafts like (Dees) mats, faces challenges including urban decay and neglect of cultural assets. Employing a comprehensive approach, the study conducts site analysis, reviews previous studies, and gathers empirical data through surveys to propose practical interventions. Recommendations emphasize enhancing public spaces, promoting eco-friendly tourism, and revitalizing local crafts to stimulate economic growth and community engagement. By synergizing landscape design with cultural preservation, this research advocates for a balanced approach that respects local identity while fostering environmental sustainability and economic prosperity in Ain Tawargha.
landscape, sustainable, views, revitalization, integrating.
Copyright (c) 2025 The International Journal of Engineering & Information Technology (IJEIT) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Design of Double-Sided Dipole Array Antenna
A wideband double-sided printed dipole antenna is presented. The antenna is a printed dipole fed by a Microstrip tapered balun. The antenna consists of a tapered balun and a dipole with its arms being printed on opposite sides of the dielectric substrate. The total length of the dipole is 48mm, which is approximately half the guided wavelength at 2.4GHz. A two-element array is also presented by combining two dipoles with a Wilkinson power divider. The achievable –10 dB bandwidth is approximately 21% and 20% for the dipole and array antennas, respectively. The realized gains are 2.5 dB and 3.5 dB, respectively.
Dipole antenna, printed antenna, wideband antenna
The effect of using six-sigma diffraction theory in improving productivity on the plastic containers production line at the Al-Yaqout factory
This study examines the application of the Six Sigma methodology to improve production process quality in the plastic packaging industry, a vital sector in Libya due to its role in industrial packaging and cost efficiency. The research aims to reduce defect rates, minimize waste, and enhance operational performance in manufacturing environments that rely heavily on automated machinery without structured improvement frameworks. The DMAIC approach was applied to an injection molding machine at Al-Yaqout Plastic Industries Factory to identify recurring defects, analyze their root causes, and evaluate the sustainability of improvements. The study employed descriptive and experimental methods, collecting production data over six months. Defect rates were analyzed, the process sigma level was calculated, and defects were examined in relation to operating conditions, power supply stability, start-up phases, and human intervention. The results showed that the average process performance reached 3.818 sigma, indicating a moderate to good level with clear improvement potential. The most critical defects involved label distortion and container frame deformation, primarily caused by unstable power supply, inadequate preventive maintenance, and temperature fluctuations during start-up. After implementing corrective actions, the defect rate decreased by approximately 27%, confirming the effectiveness of Six Sigma in enhancing production quality and operational stability.
six sigma, plastic containers, defective product, sigma level, injection molding.
Multiculturalism and Social Interaction in Public Streets: A Case Study of Al-Khrouba Road - Misurata
This paper aims to explore the potential of activating Al-Khrouba Road in the city of Misurata as a multifunctional urban space that promotes social interaction and cultural diversity, through the integration of universal design principles and the concept of the shared street. The research adopts a mixed analytical methodology that includes urban, social, and field analysis in order to understand the current characteristics of the street and diagnose deficiencies in infrastructure and user behavior. The analysis revealed functional and spatial gaps that have affected the streets ability to fulfill its social and cultural role. As a result, the study proposes a distribution of new community buildings and activities along the street, connected to the sidewalk through interactive seating areas and tree-shaded walkways. These elements contribute to reorganizing and balancing human activity across the space, enhancing the streets flexibility and encouraging interaction among diverse social groups –especially when religious, social, cultural, and educational activities are integrated in a participatory manner. This study contributes to the planning and repurposing of urban open space and the redesign of public streets to create a more inclusive and sustainable urban environment. It redefines the sidewalk as an interactive domain that strengthens community identity and responds to contemporary life needs.
Multiculturalism, Social Interaction, Al- Khrouba Road, Misurata, Sustainability
User Task-Aware Re-ranking for Enhanced Web Search
This paper investigates task-aware re-ranking as a means of improving the relevance, efficiency, and effectiveness of web search systems. Traditional search engines often apply uniform ranking strategies without considering user intent, which limits their ability to align results with diverse search goals. To address this gap, we propose a task-centered framework that classifies queries into informational, navigational, and transactional categories, and re-ranks retrieved results accordingly. A fine-tuned GigaBERT model trained on the ORCAS-I dataset was employed to perform query classification, and a Task-Based Results Sorting System (TBRSS) was developed to evaluate the approach. A user study involving 33 participants compared baseline Google rankings with re-ranked outputs. Findings suggest that although statistical significance was limited, users perceived the task-aware system as more relevant, smoother, and faster. This research demonstrates the potential of integrating task-awareness into ranking algorithms to improve user experience, and highlights future directions including adaptive ranking, multilingual support, and larger-scale evaluations.
A Numerical Simulation and Experimental Validation of Backward Extrusion for AL-6082 Alloy Material
Globally, the backward extrusion process plays a significant role in manufacturing industries. When designing forming processes, manufacturing engineers can use Finite Element (FE) simulations of backward extrusion, which replace expensive press-shop try-outs with a computer-aided design environment. This paper's primary goal is to create a numerical model that can accurately replicate the reverse extrusion process. Finite Element software ANSYS will be used to predict billet behavior during the backward extrusion process, helping to eliminate trial-and-error procedures and thus shorten development phases when tight time-to-market deadlines are required. The simulation and analysis of a number of important backward extrusion process parameters, including forming force, stress, and strain distribution in a billet, are the main objectives of this work. A commercial Al-Mg-Si alloy (6082) is used in this study. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of FE simulations, with a strong focus on backward extrusion production. There is a good agreement between the forming load values obtained from the finite element simulation and the experimental procedure.
البثق العكسي، الألمنيوم، محاكاة العناصر المحدودة.
Energy and Exergy analysis of Umdabaker steam power plant in Sudan
A comprehensive thermodynamic analysis of the 500 MW Umdabaker steam power plant in Sudan was conducted, evaluating energy and exergy performance under varying thermal conditions. All major components (boiler, turbine, condenser, pumps, and feedwater heaters) were assessed through computational modeling based on thermodynamic principles. The energy analysis revealed an overall plant thermal efficiency of 37.25%, with 52.7% of total energy losses being attributed to the condenser. Through exergy analysis, the boiler was identified as the primary source of usable energy loss (205.84 MW), while the condenser's contribution resulted in an overall exergy efficiency of only 35.8%. The impact of reference temperature variations (298.15 K to 318.15 K) was examined, showing boiler efficiency to be reduced from 43.8% to 41.1%, turbine efficiency to be slightly improved from 93.7% to 94.2%, and condenser efficiency to be dramatically decreased from 0.8% to 0.2% due to diminished temperature differentials.
Steam power plant, Energy analysis, Exergy analysis, Thermal efficiency, Exergy destruction, Dead-state temperature
THE EFFECT OF SUCTION ON THE BOUNDARY LAYER SEPARATION OF A RETARDED BOUNDARY LAYER FLOW
Boundary layer separation is one of the most drawback phenomena that reduces or even eliminates the lifting force generated by the flow over an airfoil. Boundary layer flow separation occurs due to an increasing adverse pressure gradient in the flow direction. Boundary layer theory fails to predict and describe this singularity where shear stress vanishes in the vicinity of the wall. To generate this phenomenon for a laminar flow over a flat plate in the presence of a pressure gradient, the linearly retarded flow of Howarth has been used. The decelerating non-similar free-stream velocity profile becomes increasingly S-shaped and finally separates downstream. The numerical solution of the considered flow reproduced the theoretical result reported by Howarth for the location of the separation point which is approximately (x sep / L = 0.125). A suction strategy is applied over the wall which tends to shift the location of the separation point far downstream or completely suppresses its formation.
boundary layer flow, flow separation, computational fluid dynamics, flow control
Classification of Malignant and Benign Skin Lesions Using CNN Models
Dermatology has been transformed through the use of machine learning in health research. By leveraging large data sets and training deep learning models on diverse skin lesion images, researchers have opened the door to improving and modernizing traditional diagnostic methods. This paper aimed to develop a highly effective model for accurately classifying skin cancer images as benign or malignant, thus contributing to early detection. The methodology involved utilizing three custom Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to extract essential features from dermatoscopic images, focusing on characteristics such as the borders of melanoma. Non-cancerous tumors are typically smooth and regular in their edges, while malignant ones have an uneven and rough border. The CNN models were trained on a melanoma dataset comprising images from both benign and malignant cases. Pre- processing steps such as data augmentation were also employed to further improve the performance of the model. The performance of the models was evaluated thoroughly using metrics such as precision, recall, F1 score, and accuracy. By training the models on Melanoma skin cancer, the models provided relatively high accuracies on the validations: 91%, 88%, and 94% for the first, second, and third model, respectively. Additionally, the accuracy for Benign skin cancer is 92%, 89% and 95% for the first, second, and third model, respectively. The third CNN model achieved the best precision and recall with 93% and 95% for Benign skin cancer, and 92% and 94% for Melanoma skin cancer. The third CNN model consistently outperformed the others, offering balanced and superior accuracy in distinguishing between benign and malignant skin cancer cases
accuracy, cancer detection, deep learning, performance, skin lesions.
Reviving Heritage Building Façades After Disasters: The Case of Derna Following Storm Daniel in Light of Historic Urban Design Standards
Historic cities often suffer significant architectural losses during natural disasters, particularly the façades of heritage buildings that embody urban identity and cultural memory. This study aims to explore the potential for reviving historical façades damaged by disasters in accordance with the design standards of traditional urban fabrics, using the case of Derna, Libya, following the 2023 Storm Daniel disaster. The research adopts a multi-layered analytical methodology that combines literature review, architectural analysis, and field documentation, supported by interviews and local sources. It examines the extent of damage to the façades in Derna’s old city and assesses the feasibility of reconstructing them in a way that preserves their original character while meeting contemporary standards of safety and sustainability. Furthermore, the study evaluates the alignment of proposed reconstruction efforts with international heritage charters, and presents a phased implementation plan that includes legal, technical, and community-based recommendations. The findings affirm that revitalising the facades of historic buildings in Derna is not only feasible but vital for restoring the city's collective urban memory—provided that the process follows a scientifically grounded, participatory approach that balances authenticity with innovation.
Derna, historic façades, Storm Daniel, post-disaster reconstruction, traditional urban design, heritage cities, architectural resilience
Prediction of Pavement Condition Index using Artificial Neural Networks
Modern pavement management systems aim to maintain performance and prioritize maintenance, reducing costs, and optimizing resources. Pavement Condition Index (PCI) is one of the most accurate tools to assess the structural condition of pavement, as it relies on evaluating various pavement distresses and converting them into a numerical value describes the pavement condition. This study aims to build a machine learning model to predict the pavement condition index using artificial neural networks (ANN). Three ANN models with different number of layers and nodes were designed for comparison. All models had one input layer consisting of seven types of pavement distresses, and one output layer consisting of the PCI value. Three models had one hidden layer with 4, 8, and 16 nodes. The data was normalized with a single weight scale by converting the descriptive data into numerical values and then calculating the weights for each type of distress according to its severity level. The results revealed that models had a coefficient of determination exceeding 0.95, which indicated the capability of artificial neural networks to model complex nonlinear relationships. Comparing the three models, the (7-8-1) architecture demonstrated the highest level of reliability with R2 achieving 0.98 and a standard error of less than 4%. In addition, K-fold cross-validation approach with 5-folds was conducted to validate the model. The average results of folds showed R2=0.95 and RMSE=5.72±0.49 which confirm the model's reliability in calculating PCI and assisting pavement M/R decision makers.
Transportation and surveying engineering
تصميم نظام الـ (HACCP) بطريقة تحليل المخاطر وتحديد النقاط الحرجة على خط إنتاج الحليب المعقم
البحث....تم في هذا البحث تصميم نظام للهاسب (HACCP) بطريقة تحليل المخاطر وتحديد النقاط الحرجة لخط إنتاج الحليب المعقم بشركة الجيد للصناعات الغذائية، حيث تم إتباع أسلوب جمع المعلومات الموثوقة، وتدوين الملاحظات عن طريق الزيارات الميدانية للشركة، ومقابلة المسؤولين للتعرف على الأساليب الإنتاجية المتبعة، والتحليل الموضوعي لتلك المعلومات، ومقارنتها بقواعد تطبيق نظام الـ (HACCP) لمعرفة مدى ملاءمتها لاشتراطات الجودة الشاملة، واقتراح إجراءات عملية تساعد على ضمان سلامة المنتج من التلوث، وتحسين العملية الإنتاجية. كما تم تحديد مصادر الخطر لكامل خط إنتاج الحليب ابتداءً من استلام المواد الخام الأولية وحتى تخزين المنتج النهائي، مروراً بتقييم الممارسات الصحية والتصنيعية الجيدة من حيث تصميم المرافق وتشييدها، تصميم المعدات والأدوات وتجهيزها وبرنامج التحكم في النظافة الشخصية والصحية وتتبع المنتجات واسترجاعها وتدريب العاملين. حيث أظهرت الدراسة أن المنشأة ذات مخاطر متوسطة بشكل عام فكانت النسبة المئوية للتقييم العام في حدود 69% أي بين (50 و 80)% وتعتبر جيدة التطابق من حيث جميع البنود. كما قامت بوضع الحدود الحرجة لكل نقطة حرجة، واقتراح نظام للمراقبة وكذلك اقتراح الإجراءات التصحيحية الواجب إتباعها في حال الانحراف وعند استخدام شجرة القرار وتطبيق أسئلتها على مراحل العملية الإنتاجية في مخطط التدفق لتصنيع الحليب المعقم أظهرت النتائج أن عدد (6) نقاط حرجة ضرورة التحكم فيها والسيطرة عليها لمنع حدوث تلوث في المنتوج وبناءً عليه تم تصميم خطة الـ (HACCP) في النقاط الحرجة استناداً إلى نتائج استخدام جدول تقييم مستوى الخطر وتطبيق شجرة القرار.
دراسة وتقييم مدى تأثير درجة التشبع على مقاومة التربة الرملية للقص باستخدام جهاز القص المباشر
اهتمت هذه الدراسة بمعرفة تأثير درجة التشبع على مقاومة القص، في عينات من التربة الرملية الموجودة في منطقة زريق غرب مدينة مصراتة، حدد هذا الموقع للدارسة نظراً للتطور العمراني في تلك المنطقة ، وضرورة معرفة خواص التربة فيها ؛ لكي يتم تصنيفها وتحديد خواصها الميكانيكية، و لمعرفة قدرة تحملها للإنشاء عليها واستخدامها كتربة ردم ومدى احتياجها لتحسينات، تشمل هذه الدراسة مرحلتين : في المرحلة الاولى أُجريت اختبارات معملية للتعرف على خواص التربة مثل اختبار المحتوى المائي، الوزن النوعي، و الكثافة الحقلية، صنفت التربة اعتمادا على حدي السيولة واللدونة والتحليل المنخلي بواسطة نظام الاشتو (AASHTO ) فوجد أنها تربة رملية ناعمة (3-A)، وبالنظام الموحد (USCS) فوجد أنها تربة رملية فقيرة التدرج (SP )، أما في المرحلة الثانية أُجري اختبار القص المباشر على مجموعة من العينات بدرجات تشبع مختلفة (0.0 - 0.11 – 0.19 – 0.30 – 0.41 – 0.56 – 0.71 - 0.85 - 1.0 ) لمعرفة مقاومة القص لكل عينة وأظهرت النتائج تذبذب في قيم زاوية الاحتكاك عند كل نسبة مقابلة لدرجة التشبع .
Model Predictive Control for Stabilizing Quadcopter Flight and Following Trajectories
Controlling a quadcopter is inherently challenging due to its nonlinear dynamics and susceptibility to external disturbances such as wind gusts and sensor noise. This paper explores the use of Model Predictive Control (MPC) to tackle these challenges. The goal is to create a robust control system capable of stabilizing and directing a quadcopter along a specified trajectory, even when faced with disturbances. The next step derives the Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR), which is used to stabilize the quadcopter. The research involves creating a detailed mathematical model of the quadcopter's dynamics, followed by the design and implementation of LQR and MPC. Through extensive simulations, the effectiveness of the MPC approach is validated, demonstrating its ability to maintain stability and achieve precise control under various conditions. This study underscores the potential of MPC as a powerful control strategy for UAVs, offering significant advantages for real-world applications where traditional control methods may fall short. The LQR controller balances the performance of the drone and the energy it consumes by specifying the weighting matrix of performance cost Q and control cost R to calculate an optimized controller. MPC provides a robust and effective control strategy for quadcopters, offering improved performance and reliability. Its ability to handle nonlinear dynamics, manage constraints, and optimize control actions makes it an essential tool for advanced aerial vehicle control.
تأثير إضافة حبيبات الفونولايت والكاولين على ثابت العزل الكهربي ومعامل التوهين الإشعاعي لمادة مركبة مقوّاة بالألياف
في هذا البحث تمت دراسة ثابت العزل الكهربي ومعامل التوهين الخطي والكتلي لثلاث عينات من مادة مركبة مقوّاة بالألياف ذات أساس بوليمري. تم إعداد العينات باستعمال طريقة الرّصّ اليدوي للطبقات واحتوت جميعها على نسبة وزنية ثابتة من ألياف الزجاج العشوائية الترتيب. العينة الأولى اعتُبرت كعينة مرجعية وتم تحضيرها باستعمال الألياف كمادةِ تقوية والبوليمر كمادةٍ أساس دون أي إضافات أخرى، بالنسبة للعينتين الثانية والثالثة فتم تحضيرهما بإضافة حبيبات من مادتي الكاولين والفونولايت (بحجم حبيبي يتراوح ما بين 75 إلى 125 ميكروميتر وبنسبة وزنية مقدارها 10%) إلى المادة البوليميرية على الترتيب. لجميع العينات تم حساب ثابت العزل الكهربي، ومعامل التوهين الإشعاعي لأشعة جاما الناتجة عن نظير السيزيوم المشع Cs 137 عند الطاقة 662 كيلو إلكترون-فولت، وأظهرت النتائج أن إضافة حبيبات الفونولايت والكاولين إلى المادة المركبة كان لها تأثيرٌ واضحٌ على قيم معامل التوهين الإشعاعي، فمثلاً ازداد معامل التوهين الخطي والكتلي بحوالي 30% في العينة المحتوية على حبيبات الفونولايت، أمّا ثابت العزل الكهربي فكان تأثُّرُه محدوداً. خَلُصت الدراسة إلى أن إضافة حبيبات بعض المواد السيراميكية الطبيعية والمتوفرة محلياً أثناء عملية تصنيع المواد المركبة المقوّاة بالألياف يؤثر في خواصها الفيزيائية ويؤدي إلى تحسين بعضها وبشكلٍ ملحوظ ما يجعلها أكثر ملائمة للعديد من التطبيقات الواسعة التي تمتاز بها هذه المواد.
Optimal Power Flow and Contingency Analysis with Security Considerations Using Jaya Optimization Algorithm
Optimal power flow (OPF) is one of the fundamental tasks in modern complex electric grid operation. Its objective is to improve the economic and secure coordination on electrical networks based on pre-defined constraints. Combined with a complex operational network and higher demand patterns at times of day / week, it is clear that OPF solutions need to be accurately designed. This accuracy is crucial in order to increase stability across networks over time which in turn will reduce future operational risk. While modern grids increasingly integrate renewables, this work focuses on conventional OPF to establish Jaya’s core efficacy for contingency management, providing a foundation for future renewable integration. This paper presents a computationally distinct application of the Jaya optimization algorithm for solving OPF problem taking into account contingency analysis and security assessment. It then proceeds to carry out an optimization using the Jaya algorithm, a cost-effective and parameter-less-dependent technique for system-wide minimization of operational costs with adherence constraints imposed on online security and stability. The suggested approach integrates contingency analysis into risk assessment in order to assess critical vulnerabilities of networks and determine how potential failures propagate. Results of the simulation prove that Jaya algorithm outperforms GA and PSO in optimization. The proposed method not only increases the security level of OPF but it is also human-friendly rather than computationally expensive, making it an appropriate solution for real-time application of OPF schemes.
optimal power flow, contingency analysis, security assessment, Jaya optimization algorithm
A Comparison between Relational Databases and Semantic Web Ontology in Web Application
This project compares the Relational Database model with the Semantic Web Ontology model through an educational web application serving academic levels in Libya from primary to secondary school. The application illustrates key differences in data storage and retrieval between the two models. Developed using software engineering principles, the system emphasizes flexibility, scalability, reliability, and usability. It manages educational entities—students, teachers, curricula, institutions, and their locations—by efficiently representing them and their relationships in both models. Practical comparisons showed that the Semantic Web Ontology offers superior flexibility and semantic representation, with faster search and reasoning capabilities that reveal new relationships. However, it needs improvements in security and reliability.
Relational Database, Semantic Web Ontology, Semantic Web Technology, SPARQL Protocol And RDF Query Language, Structured Query Language, SQL
Knowledge Representation, Software Engineering
Comparative Study: Canny-LoG Edge Detection with Canny-Prewitt Edge Detection by using Huffman Encoding of Image Steganography For Grayscale Images
The security of data flow is a major concern for the public network that is the Internet. A data transmission security method called steganography conceals the message within a media container, like an image. Undoubtedly, the media cannot carry so much embedded data. Because the image edge area can withstand pixel value fluctuations better than the center, the edge area is used to accommodate additional message bits. In this study, the hybrid Canny-Log detector was compared with hybrid Canny-Prewitt detector by compress a grayscale images using the Huffman algorithm and hid them in the edges of other color images. This combined two-detector method provides a larger edge area for increased message payload while keeping hidden images unnoticeable. The hybrid Canny-LoG detector was achieved better results in embedding capacity (EC) in terms of the number of pixels available for hiding. Additionally, good results were obtained in quality metrics, such as the mean squared error (MSE) and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) for the stego image.
Least Significant Bit, image steganography, hybrid edge detection, dilation, Canny, LoG, Prewitt
Case Study of Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) on Natural Gas Pipeline and Types of Repairs
Oil and gas pipelines are prone to various deficiencies, including stress corrosion cracking (SCC). This case study explores the methods and best practices for repairing a 34-inch distribution network of gas transmission and supply pipelines that serve various consumers along the Libyan coastline. It also highlights the vital importance of this facility in powering key industries, such as power plants, steel mills, and cement factories. The focus is on preventing and addressing SCC, including the use of split sleeving, repair clamps, and non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques.
SCC, natural gas pipeline, split sleeving, repair clamp, heat-affected zone (HAZ), weldability.
Experimental Study on soil stabilized with Geotextile under a Square Footing
By utilising laboratory model footing tests, the performance of foundations on clay soil reinforced with geotextile was examined. The steel plate used to make the square model footing had dimensions of 250 mm by 250 mm. The length of the reinforcement layers, the type of geotextile, and the top layer spacing were among the parameters examined in this study. According to the test findings, adding reinforcement could greatly increase the soil's bearing capacity and lessen footing settlement. The increase in BCR values varied depending on the type of geotextile, its position and how it dealt with the soil. BCR increases as u/B increases until it reaches a certain point where it decreases. The maximum improvement is achieved at u/B=0.67 for both types, this improvement varying depending on the length of the geotextile. The values of L/B that achieve a higher BCR is 8 for woven and nonwoven. The save length ratio that produce positive effect in all position is L/B=6.67. how-ever, in practice, nonwoven can achieve excellent performance with less reinforcement than woven.
square footing, woven geotextile, nonwoven geotextile, bearing capacity, parametric study.
Fuzzy Logic with PI Controller and Multivariable Filter for Harmonic Reduction Based Hybrid Active Power Filter
In this paper, a Fuzzy Logic used with Proportional Integral (PI) controller to regulate the DC bus voltage of Hybrid Power Filter (HPF) in order to improve power quality of the three-phase distribution system. The electricals and electronics equipment generate a large quantity of harmonics currents which effects several problems in the supply system. The principal goal of this study is to improve the efficiency of HPF, suppress harmonics currents and consequently reduce Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) under 5%. The suggested control mechanism is d-q theory based on Multivariable Filter (MF) and Fuzzy Logic for extracting reference currents. The efficiency of combined fuzzy logic and PI controller is evaluated by the simulation study using Matlab/Simulink software and the obtained results are presented.
fuzzy logic controller, PI controller, hybrid filter, harmonic currents, multivariable filter
Impact of Temperature and Solar Radiation on Photovoltaic Cell Efficiency: A Simulation Study Using MATLAB
This research targets studying the impact of temperature and solar radiation on two types of photovoltaic cells: monocrystalline and polycrystalline. This paper examines, through the use of MATLAB simulation, the variation in these environmental factors for significant parameters such as efficiency, power output, and voltage characteristics in order to deduce the superior performance type under high-temperature conditions. This was simulated for temperature and solar radiation variations from 25°C to 65°C, in 10°C steps, and 200 W/m² to 1000 W/m², in 200 W/m² steps, respectively. For both types of cells, constants, variables, and specifications were programmed into MATLAB, while iterative loops calculated the behavior of the cells under these conditions. Results have been presented as performance curves and graphs that relate temperature and solar radiation with the performance of photovoltaic cells. From the results, it can be obtained that monocrystalline cells are more efficient in the test conditions described because of their being less affected by temperature rises compared to the polycrystalline ones. The investigation clearly shows how the choice of different photovoltaic technologies must take into consideration meteorological factors, especially for zones with high temperatures or variable radiation.
PV, polycrystalline, monorystalline, temperature, radiation
Safety Culture in Context: Macro and Micro Level Factors Affecting its Perception and Implementation: A Qualitative Inquiry
Safety culture assessment is an essential tool of organizational safety and has become mandatory in the aviation industry. A positive safety culture is a key for sustaining optimal safety performance in organizational safety. Most safety culture assessment tools are based on studies conducted in developed countries. However, safety culture assessment in developing countries, such as Arab countries is rarely examined in the aviation context. Semi-structured interviews with 14 technicians and managers in an aircraft maintenance organization based in an airport in an Arab country were conducted. These interviews discussed several topics related to occupational health and safety and safety management in aviation. The interview questions were designed based on a comprehensive examination of previous research on safety culture. The data obtained from the interview transcripts were categorized, resulting in a data structure that employed participants' quotes as primary codes and ultimately leading to the identification of three overall categories: Management commitment to safety, organizational safety practices, and role of social relationships. This study draws special attention to the influence of micro level internal factors of management commitment and organizational safety practices, and macro level external factors of the role of social relationships on the successful implementation of safety culture. Understanding the elements explored in this study offers a useful tool for distinguishing between various contextual elements and the level at which they operate. This could enable more effective management of these factors to improve the potential implementation of effective safety management.
تقييم أداء أنظمة الاتصالات اللاسلكية المدعومة بتقنية الأسطح العاكسة الذكية
تتمتع الأسطح العاكسة الذكية (IRS) بإمكانية تحقيق المفهوم الناشئ للبيئات الراديوية الذكية، نظرًا لقدرتها على التحكم في قناة الاتصال وتحسين أداء النظام، لذا ينظر إليها على أنها أحد الهياكل الأساسية لتحقيق أهداف شبكات الجيل السادس. تدرس هذه الورقة أداء النظم اللاسلكية التي تعمل بمساعدة الأسطح العاكسة الذكية لتلافي المشاكل المتعلقة بالحجب وذلك من خلال تقييم تأثيرها على المعايير التالية: كفاءة الطيف، منطقة التغطية، كفاءة الطاقة، ومعدل الخطأ في البيانات ومقارنة النتائج بأداء نظام ينعدم فيه خط الاتصال المباشر ويكون الربط معتمد على انعكاسات الإشارة من المشتتات الطبيعية المنتشرة عشوائيا في بيئة الاتصال.
Effect of Kaolin and Phonolite Particulates Addition on Hardness and Abrasive Wear Behavior of Glass−Fiber Composites
The aim of this experimental investigation is to study the hardness properties and abrasive wear behavior of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites modified with kaolin and phonolite particles as natural fillers. Three composites were fabricated by hand lay-up method using chopped glass fibers as reinforcement agent and unsaturated polyester resin as a matrix material. The first composite was prepared without any particulate additions to serve as a reference; the other two composites were prepared by incorporating the kaolin and phonolite particles at weight percentage of 10% in the polyester resin, respectively. Brinell hardness test was conducted to determine the hardness values of the composites, and the abrasive wear performance was evaluated using two-body abrasive wear test. Experimental results revealed that the addition of kaolin and phonolite particles improved both the wear resistance and hardness of the studied composites; nevertheless, the significant improvements were observed with phonolite-filled composite, the hardness and wear resistance of this composite were increased by 69% and 24.3%, respectively. The findings of this study indicate that the lack of abrasive wear resistance and hardness properties of GFRP composite which limit their use as wear-resistant materials can be improved or overcome by selecting and using of proper particulate fillers.
Abrasive wear; Composites; Hardness; Glass fiber; Kaolin; Phonolite
Analyzing and Improving the Performance of Flexible Manufacturing Systems
With the intense competition in the market, manufacturing managers are trying to optimize production times, improve product quality, increase product variety, and reduce production costs. Therefore, in the current market environment, these manufacturing environments must be designed, analyzed, and improved based on market challenges in order to survive and thrive in the industry. This paper presents a case study of a linear pallet system for moving parts on pallets in a flexible manufacturing system (FMS) shop. The objective of this study is to analyze the performance of the FMS and propose ways to improve its performance. To determine the current productivity and utilization of work space on the current FMS shop, the Bottleneck Model analysis method and its extension "Extended Bottleneck Model" are used. The proposed FMS that standardizes operations across workstations shows significant improvement in workstation utilization and production throughput.
تصميم هندسي صديق للبيئة لتخفيض تأثير فيضانات مياه الأمطار
تضمنت الدراسة تطوير تصميم هندسي لتخفيض تأثير فيضانات مياه الأمطار. اعتمد مبدأ أن يكون التصميم صديقا للبيئة قدر الإمكان وذلك بالاعتماد المواد الطبيعية مثل الصخور والتخلي عن المواد الصناعية مثل الأنابيب قدر المستطاع. تم تطوير هذا التصميم باستخدام تقنيات التطوير منخفض التأثير (Low Impact Development, LID). تم الاعتماد في هذه الدراسة على خمسة وعشرين عامًا من بيانات الطقس التاريخية لمناخ البحر الابيض المتوسط، والتي تشمل درجة الحرارة وهطول الأمطار، وتم اختيار مدينة طرابلس، ليبيا لتكون موقع الدراسة الذي يمثل مناخ هذه المنطقة. والموقع عبارة عن مبنى مستقل إنشائيا من مستشفى معيتيقة المركزي، حيث تم تقسيمه إلى ثلاث مستجمعات مائية صغيرة. تم اختيار ثلاث تقنيات من تقنيات النظام المنخفض التأثير لتشكيل نظام تقنيات الإدارة المتكاملة. يهدف هذا النظام المتكامل من التقنيات إلى الحفاظ على هيدرولوجيا منطقة الدراسة كما كانت قبل التطور العمراني. من خلال هذا النظام يتم التقاط الجريان السطحي الذي ينشأ بواسطة الأسطح الغير منفذة واحتجازه في وحدات الاحتفاظ الطبيعية صغيرة الحجم ويسمح له بالتخلل في طبقات التربة. ولكي لا يتأثر النظام الهيدرولوجي لن يتم التقاط الجريان السطحي بالكامل، ولكن فقط الكمية التي تتجاوز مقدار الجريان السطحي قبل تطور المنطقة. كما تم من خلال هذه الدراسة بحث إمكانية استخدام المياه المحتجزة في إنشاء مساحات خضراء من الأشجار المحلية دائمة الخضرة. تم اعداد محاكات للدروة الهيدرولوجية للمياه باقتراح وجود شجرة الزيتون كاملة النمو بها. النتائج المتحصل عليها تبين أنه يمكن تجميع كمية الجريان السطحي للموقع بعد التطور في مساحة وحدات الاحتفاظ الطبيعية مقدارها (18.45%) من المساحة الكلية للموقع.
Copyright (c) 2024 The International Journal of Engineering & Information Technology (IJEIT) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
دراسة إمكانية توليد الطاقة الكهربائية من حرارة جوف الأرض وأثرها البيئي والاقتصادي في ليبيا
تتمتع ليبيا بالعديد من مصادر الطاقة المتجددة، من بينها الطاقة الجيوحرارية، المستمدة من حرارة جوف الأرض، والتي من مظاهرها العيون الساخنة الموجودة في بعض المناطق، فقد وُجد من خلال المسح الميداني والدراسات السابقة أن التدرج الحراري مع العمق يتراوح ما بين (40-60) درجة سلسيوس لكل كيلو متر. هذه الطاقة يمكن استغلالها كمصدر بديل للحد من حرق الوقود الأحفوري، مصدر الدخل الرئيس في البلاد. في هذه الورقة، سلط الضوء على إمكانية توليد الطاقة الكهربائية من حرارة جوف الأرض المتاحة في ليبيا، ومحاكاة محطة طاقة جيوحرارية من نوع البخار الوميضي لتوليد الكهرباء في مدينة مصراتة كحالة دراسية، لدراسة الأثر البيئي والاقتصادي لها. تمت محاكاة عدد 10 آبار إنتاج و4 آبار حقن، بمعدل تدفق 55 كيلوجرام في الثانية لبئر الإنتاج الواحدة، ودرجة حرارة 250 درجة سلسيوس، وبلغ صافي قدرة المحطة حوالي 71 ميجا وات، وبكفاءة حوالي 16%. قدرت التكلفة الابتدائية للمحطة بحوالي 364 مليون دولار، وتكلفة صيانة بنحو 7 مليون دولار سنويا، ولم تتجاوز تكلفة وحدة الطاقة الكهربائية 7.2 سنت دولار لكل كيلو وات ساعة.
Optimization of a PID Controller for a Single-Link Robotic Arm Using a Genetic Algorithm
This paper investigates the application of a Genetic Algorithm (GA) to optimize the parameters (Kp, Ki, Kd) of a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller for a single-link robotic arm. The objective is to minimize key performance metrics such as settling time, overshoot, and steady-state error. A simplified dynamic model of the robotic arm is used for simulation. The GA is implemented with roulette wheel selection, single-point crossover, and Gaussian mutation. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the GA in automatically tuning the PID controller, achieving significant improvements in transient and steady-state response.